The term free radical describes any molecule that has a free electron, and this property makes it react with healthy molecules in a destructive way. Free radicals are produced when the body uses oxygen, such as during exercise. Oxidative free radical theory asserts that aging is due to oxidative metabolism and the effects of free radicals, which are the end products of oxidative metabolism. The free radical theory on successful aging is now a famous theory of aging was developed in 1956 (cite). Research has found that older adults who expressed elevated levels of energy and meaning of life described a sense of connectedness, self-worth, love, and respect that was absent among participants who felt unfulfilled. In nursing, this model is used as a framework to examine the challenges faced by different age groups. The stages of personality development theory are widely employed in the behavioral sciences. Despair” to include three more challenges: creating a meaningful life after retirement, dealing with an empty nest as children move away, and contemplating the inevitability of death. Theorists of the stages of personality development define “integrity vs. Older adults specifically face additional challenges or life tasks including physical and mental decline, accepting the care of others, and detaching from life. From this period of introspection, feelings of satisfaction lead to integrity, while dissatisfaction creates a sense of despair (Erikson, 1963). Reaching ‘old age’ is characterized as the final stage of development, where individuals search for the meaning of their lives and evaluate their accomplishments. This theory states that personality develops in eight sequential stages, each stage associated with a life task at which one may succeed or fail. The stages of personality development theory, founded in 1963 by Erik Erikson, focuses specifically on the development of one’s personality. This theory has been applied to varied age groups in many disciplines as Maslow’s hierarchy presents a model for the nursing care of older adults in residential settings. Human needs theory notes that the failure to grow towards personal needs leads to feelings of failure, depression, and the perception that life is meaningless. The need for self-actualization requires the freedom to express and pursue personal goals and be creative in an environment that is stimulating and challenging which is not accessible to all people. The movement towards personal growth need fulfillment is a multidirectional and dynamic lifelong process. These needs are prioritized such that more basic needs like physiological functioning or safety take precedence over these personal growth needs (Maslow, 1954). This theory summarizes a hierarchy of five needs which motivate human behavior: physiologic, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization. While the activity theory was being developed, the human needs theory was published in 1954 by Abraham Maslow. This once popular theory is now criticized as being ageist and used in order to justify treating older adults as second-class citizens. Older people become more isolated from others and less concerned or involved with life in general. The theory suggests that during late adulthood, the individual and society mutually withdraw. This theory states that the process of disengagement enables the older person to die more peacefully, without the stress and distractions that come with a more socially involved life. The outcome is a new equilibrium that is ideally satisfying to both older adults and society. The thought is that by disengaging, older adults are freed from social responsibility and gain time for internal reflection, while the transition of responsibility from old to young maintains a continuously functioning society unaffected by members lost to aging. Researchers in favour of this theory believe that this separation of older adults from society is desired by both parties and that it serves to maintain social equilibrium. The Disengagement theory states that aging is characterized by gradual disengagement from society and relationships (Cumming & Henry, 1961). A stark contrast to the activity theory is the disengagement theory, which was proposed in 1961.
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